CIA veteran and US ambassador in Peru, Lisa Kenna, with the country's mining minister, on January 18, 2023. File photo.
By Ben Norton – Jan 19, 2023
Peru has large reserves of copper, gold, zinc, silver, lead, iron, and natural gas. After a coup overthrew left-wing President Pedro Castillo, the US ambassador, CIA veteran Lisa Kenna, met with mining and energy ministers to discuss āinvestmentsā. Europe is importing Peruvian LNG to replace Russian energy.
The US ambassador in Peru, Lisa Kenna, is a CIA veteran who supported aĀ parliamentary coup in December 2022Ā that overthrew the South American nationās democratically elected left-wing president, Pedro Castillo.
Castillo was subsequently imprisoned for 18 months without due process, setting off massive protests across Peru. The unelected government responded with extreme violence, killing approximately 50 protesters in just over a month.
One day before the December 7 coup, the formerĀ CIA officer turned US ambassador met with Peruās defense minister, who then told the countryās powerful military to turn against President Castillo.
Since then, Kenna has been quite busy, regularly meeting with top officials in Peruās coup government, including unelected President Dina Boluarte and her ministers.
On January 18, the US ambassador sat down with Peruās minister of energy and mining, as well as its vice minister of hydrocarbons and vice minister of mining.
Peruās Ministry of Energy and Mines boasted that they discussed āinvestmentā opportunities and plans to ādevelopā and āexpandā the extractive industries.
š“ Un diĆ”logo institucional de alto nivel entre PerĆŗ y Estados Unidos, que abordĆ³ temas de desarrollo del sector minero, sostuvo hoy el ministro Oscar Vera Gargurevich y Lisa Kenna, embajadora estadounidense en el PerĆŗ. @USAmbPeru pic.twitter.com/35CRV5unSl
— Ministerio de EnergĆa y Minas (@MinemPeru) January 19, 2023
Peru is a country rich in natural resources, especially minerals. Spanish colonialists exploited the South American nationās substantial silver and gold reserves, and today transnational corporations see it as a very profitable resource hub.
One of Earthās top producers ofĀ copper, lead, zinc, tin, silver, and gold, Peruās economy relies heavily on the mining sector, which represents more than half of total national exports and over 10% of GDP.
The worldās three largest transnational mining corporations ā BHP, Rio Tinto, and Glencore ā are heavily invested in Peru, along with other prominent companies from Canada, Brazil, Switzerland, Britain, the US, Japan, and Australia.
Peru is the planetās second-biggestĀ copper producerĀ (after its neighbor Chile), meaning it will become increasingly important in the global shift toward renewable energy technologies.
US investment banking giant Goldman Sachs stated in 2022 that ācopper is the new oilā, writing: āThe critical role copper will play in achieving the Paris climate goals cannot be overstatedā¦ As the most cost-effective conductive material, copper sits at the heart of capturing, storing and transporting these new sources of energyā.
Peru is also a significant producer of liquified natural gas (LNG). Its LNG exports are largely overseen by foreign corporations like Shell.
Europe became the top importer of Peruvian LNG in 2022, after the European Union boycotted Russian energy over theĀ proxy war in Ukraine.
While natural resources are not the only reason for these coups in Latin America, they are a significant factor.
Following the violent putsch in Peruās mineral-rich neighbor Bolivia in 2019, a critic wrote to billionaire Elon Musk on Twitter, āYou know what wasnāt in the best interest of people? The US government organizing a coup against Evo Morales in Bolivia so you could obtain the lithium thereā.
Musk replied, āWe will coup whoever we want! Deal with itā.
Peruās President Castillo: āWe want our natural resources to directly benefit the peopleā
When he ran for office in 2021, left-wing presidential candidate Pedro Castillo had made one of the central themes of his campaign the need to reassert popular control over Peruās natural resources.
Condemning foreign companies for āpillagingā the country, he called toĀ renegotiate contractsĀ to ensure that 70% of all proceeds from mining went to the state, to fund social programs.
A few weeks before the presidential elections, Castillo said, āLetās be clear: these decades of betrayal, corruption, and cynicism are the symptoms of this neoliberal system dedicated exclusively to theĀ exploitation of our people and natural resourcesĀ for the benefit of a few scoundrelsā.
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When he entered office, Castillo was very limited in what he could do politically. The right-wing opposition had a majority in the congress, and they were hellbent on destabilizing and eventually removing him with a presidential āvacancyā. They used Peruās legislature and the heavily politicized and corrupt judiciary to launch constant attacks against Castillo, as part of a campaign of systematic persecution and lawfare.
But Castillo did what he could. The president announced a āsecond agrarian reformā and declared, āWe areĀ rescuing the resources of the countryĀ for all Peruviansā. He explained his goal: āWe want our natural resources toĀ directly benefit the peopleā.
Presidente @PedroCastilloTe: "Hoy rescatamos los recursos del paĆs para todos los peruanos. El guano de las islas permitirĆ” que los agricultores solventen a las familias mĆ”s necesitadas como parte de la Segunda Reforma Agraria". #SiempreConElPueblo pic.twitter.com/MpmTebnJjN
— Presidencia del PerĆŗ šµšŖ (@presidenciaperu) February 27, 2022
Castilloās government made plans with left-wingĀ President Gustavo PetroĀ in neighboring Colombia to develop gas infrastructure in Peru and expand internal use.
This was part of Castilloās progressive economic model of import substitution industrialization, which aimed to grow local industry and boost domestic consumption, so Peru would not rely exclusively on low value-added exports.
Immediately after ousting Castillo, however, Peruās coup regime returned to the neoliberal economic model of the Washington Consensus, prioritizing foreign corporate investment over internal development.
The Ministry of Energy and Mines tweeted on January 18 that it had just conducted a āhigh-level institutional dialogue between Peru and the United States, which addressed themes of development of the mining sectorā.
US Ambassador Kenna met with Peruās minister of energy and mining, Ćscar Vera Gargurevich; vice minister of hydrocarbons, Enrique Bisetti Solari; and vice minister of mining, Jaime ChĆ”vez Riva.
En la reuniĆ³n tambiĆ©n participaron el viceministro de Hidrocarburos, Enrique Bisetti, y el viceministro de Minas, Jaime ChĆ”vez Riva, para abordar temas vinculados a la masificaciĆ³n del gas natural, inversiones mineras y el desarrollo de energĆas renovables en nuestro paĆs. pic.twitter.com/KAZh8teEUj
— Ministerio de EnergĆa y Minas (@MinemPeru) January 19, 2023
The ministry said they discussed āthemes linked to the expansion of natural gas, mining investments, and the development of renewable energies in our countryā.
It added that āMinister Vera was grateful for the support from the North American government in mining-energy issues, and he reiterated the will of the national government, whose priority is the expansion of natural gas, energy security, and the petrochemical development of the south of the countryā.
Mining dominates Peruās economy
The Peruvian government itself has publicly stated that itsĀ economy relies heavily on miningĀ and exporting minerals such as copper, zinc, gold, silver, lead, iron, and molybdenum.
Peruās top exportsĀ in 2022 included copper, gold, and liquified natural gas (LNG).
The mining sector made up 58.7% of all of Peruās exports, 57.1% of which were metals and 1.6% of which were non-metals, according to the most recentĀ publicly available statistics, from January to October 2022.
Copper, gold, zinc, and iron represented 88.4% of the total value of Peruās mineral exports, and 51.9% of the value of all of the countryās exports.
As of 2022, the largest corporate investor in Peruās mining sector was the UK-basedĀ company Anglo American.
The second biggest investor was CompaƱĆa Minera Antamina S.A., a local firm that is majority owned by Australian and Swiss mining giants. The third was the US-Mexican Southern Copper Corporation.
Local communities in the South American country, especially those of Indigenous descent, have longĀ protested the mining companiesĀ that devastate their environment.
These rural communities were the base of support for President Castillo. Since the coup, they have organized massive protests, demanding that he be freed, that new elections be held, and that the government convene a constituent assembly to write a new constitution, to replace the current one that was inherited from the former US-backed far-right dictatorship of Alberto Fujimori.
Europe becomes top importer of Peruās LNG, following boycott of Russian energy
After minerals, Peruās other top export is natural gas ā and more specifically liquified natural gas (LNG).
Peruās gas sector saw a huge boom in 2022, withĀ LNG exports increasing by 85%Ā in the first eight months of the year, in comparison with the same period in 2021.
One of the main reasons for this surge was Europeās sky-high demand for gas.
Before 2022, most of Peruās LNG had gone to Asia (primarily Japan, South Korea, and China).Ā But as tensions between NATO and Russia escalated in late 2021 and early 2022, and the EU moved to boycott Russian energy, this drastically shifted.
The vast majority ofĀ Peruās LNG exports went to EuropeĀ in 2022, primarily to Britain and Spain.
In months like April, May, and August, all of Peruās LNG exports went to Europe, according to data published by the state company PerĆŗpetro.
Peruās LNG exports are overseen by a consortium of foreign corporations including Britainās Shell, the US Hunt Oil Company, Japanās Marubeni Corporation, and South Koreaās SK Group.
While Peru only exports a relatively small amount of LNG when compared to the United States ā whichĀ quickly established itself as the worldās top LNG exporterĀ in 2022 ā the South American nation has become an important energy partner for Europe.
In its attempt to reduce trade with Russia,Ā Spain increased its imports of LNGĀ from the Americas ā including the US, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago ā by 77.4% in 2022. (Spain boosted its imports of US LNG specifically by 93.4% in 2022.)
Ironically, by pledging to boycott Russian oil, Spain also ended up increasing its imports of more expensive Russian LNG by 37% in 2022.
At the same time, from the beginning of 2021 to mid-2022, theĀ price of natural gasĀ skyrocketed by 700%.
Transnational corporations rake in profits in Peruvian mining
Foreign companies have made a killing in Peruās mining sector.
In promotional materials urging more foreign investment, theĀ Peruvian government boastedĀ that the planetās threeĀ largest mining corporationsĀ are active in the country: BHP Group, of Australia; Rio Tinto, of Britain and Australia; and Glencore, of Switzerland.
The Ministry of Energy and Mines wrote with pride in 2018: āThe worldās most important companies in the mining sector are making investments in our country. Due to our mineral reserves, Peru is a market that is always taken into account by these companies when they decide their investment budgets in exploration and exploitationā.
Many local mining companies in Peru are owned by foreign corporate giants.
The second-largest investor in mining in Peru, the CompaƱĆa Minera Antamina (Antamina Mining Company in English), was 33.75% owned by BHP, another 33.75% owned by Glencore, 22.5% by Canadaās Teck Resources, and 10% by Japanās Mitsubishi, as of 2018.
The CompaƱĆa Minera Antamina operates in Peruās western Ćncash region, and was responsible for roughly one-fifth of national copper production and 15% of national silver production in 2018.
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Peru was the source of 20% of BHPās global production of copper in 2017, as well as 50% of its global production of silver and 100% of its global production of zinc.
The British-Australian Rio Tinto corporation oversees the La Granja mining project in the northwestern Cajamarca region. Peru was the source of 15% of Rio Tintoās global production of copper in 2017.
Other large transnational corporations active in Peruās mining sector include the US company Freeport-McMoRan and Mexican Southern Copper Corporation, both of which are based in Phoenix, Arizona; as well as Canadaās Barrick Gold.
But this is just to mention existing mining operations. Foreign companies are also heavily invested inĀ exploration for new projects.
The top foreign countries whose companies are investing in mining exploration in Peru are Canada, Brazil, Switzerland, Britain, the US, Japan, and Australia, according to aĀ 2022 report from the Ministry of Energy and Mines.
Companies located in Peru are responsible for 37.8% of investment in exploration, but this figure can be misleading because many of these firms are owned by much bigger transnational corporations.
As of 2022, 43.4% of exploration investment went into looking for gold, 36.1% for copper, 11.2% for zinc, 8.3% for silver, and 1% for tin.
Mining exploration projects are taking place all across western Peru.
Many of these regions, which are underdeveloped and suffer from high rates of poverty, have seen large protests against the US-backed coup regime and in support of Castillo.
Ben Norton
Benjamin Norton is the founder and editor of the independent news website Multipolarista, where he does original reporting in both English and Spanish. Benjamin has reported from numerous countries, including Venezuela, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Ecuador, Honduras, Colombia, and more. His journalistic work has been published in dozens of media outlets, and he has done interviews on Sky News, Al Jazeera, Democracy Now, El Financiero Bloomberg, Al Mayadeen teleSUR, RT, TRT World, CGTN, Press TV, HispanTV, Sin Censura, and various TV channels in Mexico, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia. Benjamin writes a regular column for Al Mayadeen (in English and Spanish). He was formerly a reporter with the investigative journalism website The Grayzone, and previously produced the political podcast and video show Moderate Rebels. His personal website is BenNorton.com, and he tweets at @BenjaminNorton.
