Neoliberalism Was Born in Chile; Neoliberalism will Die in Chile
Daniel Jadue is the mayor of Recoleta, a commune that is part of the expanding city of Santiago, Chile. His office is on the sixth floor of a municipal building in whose lower reaches one can find a pharmacy, an optical shop, and a bookstore run by the municipality that are dedicated to providing fairly priced goods. On the walls of his office are emblems of his commitment to the Palestinian people, including flags and an iconic cartoon of Handala created by Naji al-Ali, a Palestinian cartoonist who was assassinated in 1987. âI am Palestinianâ, Jadue tells me with pride. âI was born on 28 June 1967, just days after the Israelis took Jerusalemâ. The struggle of the Palestinians, which has haunted much of his political life, he says, is ânot so different from the struggle of the Chilean people. Both are fighting for the same thing: justiceâ.
Naji Al-Ali (Palestine), Handala, no date.
Last year, Jadue said that he would run as the opposition candidate in the Chilean presidential elections in November 2021. Polls show that he could be a serious contender, even the possible winner. Chile has been wracked by a wave of protests against the right-wing government of President SebastiĂĄn Piñera. These protestsâas well as the mobilisations for a new constitutionâprovide the basis for hope that the left might re-take the presidential palace for the first time since Salvador Allende took office on behalf of the Popular Unity slate in 1970.
Within minutes of our meeting, it became immediately apparent why there is so much support for Jadue: he is an affable and decent man with a clear sense of his work and a deep commitment to people and their needs. Jadue is not afraid of the penalties that his candidacy has and will invite. Already, without any evidence, the Simon Wiesenthal Centre has called Jadue one of the ten most dangerous anti-Semites in the world.
As a member of the Communist Party of Chile since 1993, Jadue is on a mission to reverse the course of Chileâs long experiment with neoliberalism. It is often said that neoliberalismâthe policy platform of austerity for the people and riches for the billionairesâwas first implemented in Chile. As the popular slogan goes, neoliberalism was born in Chile, and it will die in Chile.
Renato Guttuso (Italy), Comizio di quartiere, 1975.
Trained as an architect, Jadue has a clear sense of long-term planning. In 2001, he tells me, the communists in Recoleta developed a strategic plan to win the mayorâs office by 2012. At that time, the extreme right controlled the commune, winning over fifty percent of the vote. The communist plan seemed outlandish. Jadue ran unsuccessfully for the mayorâs post in 2004 and 2008, finally prevailing in 2012 after building a wide coalition amongst the working class, the excluded sectors, and small merchants. Now, it is the extreme right that is marginal while the left wins over half the votes in Recoleta.
When General Augusto Pinochet led the coup regime from 1973 to 1990, the economic policy of the government was dominated by the Chicago Boys, a group of Chilean economists whose neoliberal policies served the interests of foreign multinationals. The essence of neoliberalism is the privatisation of social and economic life, the reduction of taxes on the wealthy and on corporations, and the attrition of social welfare schemes and the public sector.
When Jadue and the Communists reclaimed Recoleta, the commune became a laboratory where they began to reverse the neoliberal dynamic. The mechanisms for this reversal were not a wholesale pivot to socialism, which is not fully possible given the legal and political constraints upon the mayorâs office; rather, they were an experiment in rebuilding the public sector. Since 2003, Jadue has pushed an agenda for moving government resources to public education and to the neighbourhood councils as the president of the local social and cultural organisation La Chimba. From the mayorâs office, Jadue created a municipal pharmacy, optical shop, bookstore and record store, an open university, and a real estate project that operates free of the profit motive. âI have dreamt of this plan all my lifeâ, Jadue tells me.
Varvara Stepanova (USSR), Study the Old, but Create the New, 1919.
There is nothing especially radical about the Recoleta project, Jadue admits. Previously, the impoverished would come to the municipal office, ask for cash transfers to assist with medicines, for example, and then use whatever money was given to them to buy medicines from the expensive private sector. Now, instead of subsidising the private sector with public funds, Jadue says, the municipality runs the pharmacy, which then sells the medicines at a just price. In doing so, the municipality is able to source the drugs at a reduced cost, which has saved them an enormous amount of money.
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If this rational policy not only provides care for the poor and saves the municipality money, I ask him, why donât other municipalities follow the Recoleta model? âBecause they are not interested in the well-being of the peopleâ, Jadue tells me. âCapitalismâ, Jadue says, âcreates the poorâ, and the poor then come to ask for goods and services from the state due to their relative powerlessness. âThe poor are more honest than the rich. If the poor can buy goods and services at a just price, then they donât ask for moneyâ.
Charles White (USA), General Moses (Harriet Tubman), 1965.
In 1910, six years before he published his powerful Chicago Poems, Carl Sandburg wrote a little pamphlet for the Socialist Party of America called You and Your Job. Written in the form of a letter to a person named Bill, Sandburg opens with a long section on how Billâs friend has just lost his job. It is easy, Sandburg writes, to say that it is the fault of the unemployed person that he is without occupation: he is lazy, he is incompetent, his failures are his. But these âfailuresâ, Sandburg writes, are the consequence of the class to which he was born and not of his person.
âWhat you do yourself is individualâ, Sandburg writes in a plainspoken style that would be familiar to Jadue. âWhat you do or with or for others is social. Get the distinction, Bill? Well, paste it in your hat and fasten it in your memory. But donât lose it. If I can get you to keep in mind this difference between what is social and what is individual, Iâll hammer you into a Socialistâ. Neoliberal policy makes it harder to experience society in a civil manner. If people have a hard time getting a job, or if jobs themselves are more stressful, or if commute times increase, it is easy to expect tempers to fray. If medical care is hard to attain, if pensions deteriorate before higher expenditures (including taxes), and if it just gets harder to deal with everyday life, then anger will rise, and a general social misery will come out on display.
Otto Griebel (Germany), The Internationale, 1929/30.
Civility is not just a matter of attitude. Civility is a matter of resources. Imagine if society used our considerable social treasures to ensure a decent livelihood for one another, to secure medical and elder care, and to guarantee that we tackle our pressing problems in a collective way. Only then will there be the necessary leisure time to rest among friends, to be a volunteer in our communities, to get to know one another and to be less stressed and angry.
Neither is âhopeâ an individual feeling; it has to be produced by people doing things together, building communities, fighting for their values. This is precisely what one sees in the Recoleta project, and it is precisely what is on display in other socialist projects across the world, from the Left Democratic Front government in Kerala and the revolutionary project in Cuba.
Imagine what all the resources hidden away in illicit tax havens and spent on wasteful things such as weapons and tax cuts could do to build a decent society: they could fund schools from pre-kindergarten to university, public transportation that can supplant fossil-fuel cars, public housing, hospitals accessed by universal health care, arts and community centres, and above all, a four-hour day at a full dayâs wage so that there is time to help rebuild society.
When Kurt Vonnegut was asked whether Dresden should have been bombed by the Allies during World War 2, he answered that it was, after all, bombed; the point, rather, was how one behaved after the bombing. The withdrawal of resources by the billionaires enabled by the policy slate of neoliberalism effectively bombs society, which is why the question on the table is how we behave in the midst of the carnage.
Talking to people like Daniel Jadueâand to others like TM Thomas Isaac (finance minister of Kerala) and to Elizabeth GĂłmez Alcorta (Minister of Women, Genders, and Diversity in Argentina)âgives one a good sense of how to reverse the erosion of our social life. They do not only imagine the future; they are starting to build it now.
Featured image: Daniel Jadue speaks to Vijay Prashad
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Vijay Prashad
Vijay Prashad is an Indian historian, editor and journalist. He is a writing fellow and chief correspondent at Globetrotter, a project of the Independent Media Institute. He is the chief editor of LeftWord Booksand the director of Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. He has written more than twenty books, including The Darker Nations: A Peopleâs History of the Third World (The New Press, 2007), The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South (Verso, 2013), The Death of the Nation and the Future of the Arab Revolution(University of California Press, 2016) and Red Star Over the Third World (LeftWord, 2017). He writes regularly for Frontline, the Hindu, Newsclick, AlterNet and BirGĂŒn.
