ChaiÌbia Talal (Morocco), Mon Village, Chtouka, 1990.
By Vijay Prashad – Nov 3, 2022
On 17 October, the head of US Africa Command (AFRICOM), US Marine Corps General Michael Langley visited Morocco. Langley met with senior Moroccan military leaders, including Inspector General of the Moroccan Armed Forces Belkhir El Farouk. Since 2004, AFRICOM has held its âlargest and premier annual exerciseâ, African Lion, partly on Moroccan soil. This past June, ten countries participated in the African Lion 2022, with observers from Israel (for the first time) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).
Salah Elmur (Sudan), The Green Room, 2019.
Langleyâs visit is part of a broader US push onto the African continent, which we documented in our dossier no. 42 (July 2021), Defending Our Sovereignty: US Military Bases in Africa and the Future of African Unity, a joint publication with The Socialist Movement of Ghanaâs Research Group. In that text, we wrote that the two important principles of Pan-Africanism are political unity and territorial sovereignty and argued that â[t]he enduring presence of foreign military bases not only symbolises the lack of unity and sovereignty; it also equally enforces the fragmentation and subordination of the continentâs peoples and governmentsâ. In August, US Ambassador to the UN Linda Thomas-Greenfield travelled to Ghana, Uganda, and Cape Verde. âWeâre not asking Africans to make any choices between the United States and Russiaâ, she said ahead of her visit, but, she added, âfor me, that choice would be simpleâ. That choice is nonetheless being impelled by the US Congress as it deliberates the Countering Malign Russian Activities in Africa Act, a bill that would sanction African states if they do business with Russia (and could possibly extend to China in the future).
To understand this unfolding situation, our friends at No Cold War have prepared their briefing no. 5, NATO Claims Africa as Its âSouthern Neighbourhoodâ, which looks at how NATO has begun to develop a proprietary view of Africa and how the US government considers Africa to be a frontline in its Global Monroe Doctrine. That briefing can be read in full below and downloaded here:
In August 2022, the United States published a new foreign policy strategy aimed at Africa. The 17-page document featured 10 mentions of China and Russia combined, including a pledge to âcounter harmful activities by the [Peopleâs Republic of China], Russia, and other foreign actorsâ on the continent, but did not once mention the term âsovereigntyâ. Although US Secretary of State Antony Blinken has stated that Washington âwill not dictate Africaâs choicesâ, African governments have reported facing âpatronising bullyingâ from NATO member states to take their side in the war in Ukraine. As global tensions rise, the US and its allies have signalled that they view the continent as a battleground to wage their New Cold War against China and Russia.
Richard Mudariki (Zimbabwe), The Passover, 2011.
A New Monroe Doctrine?
At its annual summit in June, NATO named Africa along with the Middle East âNATOâs southern neighbourhoodâ. On top of this, NATOâs Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg ominously referred to âRussia and Chinaâs increasing influence in our southern neighbourhoodâ as a âchallengeâ. The following month, the outgoing commander of AFRICOM, General Stephen J Townsend, referred to Africa as âNATOâs southern flankâ. These comments are disturbingly reminiscent of the neocolonial attitude espoused by the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, in which the US claimed Latin America as its âbackyardâ.
This paternalistic view of Africa appears to be widely held in Washington. In April, the US House of Representatives overwhelmingly passed the Countering Malign Russian Influence Activities in Africa Act by a vote of 415-9. The bill, which aims to punish African governments for not aligning with US foreign policy on Russia, has been widely condemned across the continent for disrespecting the sovereignty of African nations, with South African Foreign Minister Naledi Pandor calling it âabsolutely disgracefulâ.
The efforts by the US and Western countries to draw Africa into their geopolitical conflicts raise serious concerns: namely, will the US and NATO weaponise their vast military presence on the continent to achieve their aims?
Amani Bodo (DRC), Masque Ă gaz (âGas Maskâ), 2020.
AFRICOM: Protecting US and NATOâs Hegemony
In 2007, the United States established its Africa Command (AFRICOM) âin response to our expanding partnerships and interests in Africaâ. In just 15 years, AFRICOM has established at least 29 military bases on the continent as part of an extensive network which includes more than 60 outposts and access points in at least 34 countries â over 60 percent of the nations on the continent.
Despite Washingtonâs rhetoric of promoting democracy and human rights in Africa, in reality, AFRICOM aims to secure US hegemony over the continent. AFRICOMâs stated objectives include âprotecting US interestsâ and âmaintaining superiority over competitorsâ in Africa. In fact, the creation of AFRICOM was motivated by the concerns of âthose alarmed by Chinaâs expanding presence and influence in the regionâ.
From the outset, NATO was involved in the endeavour, with the original proposal put forward by then Supreme Allied Commander of NATO James L Jones, Jr. On an annual basis, AFRICOM conducts training exercises focused on enhancing the âinteroperabilityâ between African militaries and âUS and NATO special operations forcesâ.
The destructive nature of the US and NATOâs military presence in Africa was exemplified in 2011 when â ignoring the African Unionâs opposition â the US and NATO launched their catastrophic military intervention in Libya to remove the government of Muammar Gaddafi. This regime change war destroyed the country, which had previously scored the highest among African nations on the UN Human Development Index. Over a decade later, the principal achievements of the intervention in Libya have been the return of slave markets to the country, the entry of thousands of foreign fighters, and unending violence.
In the future, will the US and NATO invoke the âmalign influenceâ of China and Russia as a justification for military interventions and regime change in Africa?
Zemba Luzamba (DRC), Parlementaires debout (âParliamentarians Standingâ), 2019.
Africa Rejects a New Cold War
At this yearâs UN General Assembly, the African Union firmly rejected the coercive efforts of the US and Western countries to use the continent as a pawn in their geopolitical agenda. âAfrica has suffered enough of the burden of historyâ, stated Chairman of the African Union and President of Senegal Macky Sall; âit does not want to be the breeding ground of a new Cold War, but rather a pole of stability and opportunity open to all its partners, on a mutually beneficial basisâ. Indeed, the drive for war offers nothing to the peoples of Africa in their pursuit of peace, climate change adaptation, and development.
"Europe is a garden. The rest of the world is a jungle. And the jungle could invade the garden."
"Europeans have to be much more engaged with the rest of the world. Otherwise, the rest of the world will invade us."
â Shocking comments from EU foreign policy head @JosepBorrellF pic.twitter.com/eFbbb9LxGl
— No Cold War (@NoColdWar) October 15, 2022
At the inauguration of the European Diplomatic Academy on 13 October, the European Unionâs chief diplomat, Josep Borrell, said, âEurope is a garden⊠The rest of the world⊠is a jungle, and the jungle could invade the gardenâ. As if the metaphor were not clear enough, he added, âEuropeans have to be much more engaged with the rest of the world. Otherwise, the rest of the world will invade usâ. Borrellâs racist comments were pilloried on social media and eviscerated in the European Parliament by Marc Botenga of the Belgian Workersâ Party, and a petition by the Democracy in Europe Movement (DiEM25) calling for Borrellâs resignation has received over 10,000 signatures. Borrellâs lack of historical knowledge is significant: it is Europe and North America that continue to invade the African continent, and it is those military and economic invasions that cause African people migrate. As President Sall said, Africa does not want to be a âbreeding ground of a new Cold Warâ, but a sovereign place of dignity.
Vijay Prashad
Vijay Prashad is an Indian historian, editor, and journalist. He is a writing fellow and chief correspondent at Globetrotter, a project of the Independent Media Institute. He is the chief editor of LeftWord Books and the director of Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. He has written more than 20 books, including The Darker Nations: A Peopleâs History of the Third World (The New Press, 2007), The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South (Verso, 2013), The Death of the Nation and the Future of the Arab Revolution(University of California Press, 2016), and Red Star Over the Third World (LeftWord, 2017). He writes regularly for Frontline, the Hindu, Newsclick, AlterNet and BirGĂŒn.
